At 11:23 on December 28, 2016, China successfully launched the Gaojing No. 1 commercial remote sensing satellite from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center using the Long March II carrier rocket. As the first satellite in China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation’s (CASC) commercial remote sensing satellite system, Gaojing No. 1 was developed by Wuyuan Aerospace Dongfanghong Satellite Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of CASC, and is managed under the company's commercial operations.
The Gaojing-1 satellite consists of two optical satellites with a 0.5-meter resolution. It features high-quality imaging, strong maneuverability, diverse imaging modes, and an advanced onboard system. Once deployed, it significantly reduced China's reliance on foreign 0.5-meter commercial remote sensing data, marking the country's entry into the global commercial remote sensing market.
On January 9, 2018, Gaojing 3 and 4 were successfully launched again. At 11:24 Beijing Time, the Long March II rocket carried Gaojing No. 1 03 and 04 into orbit, completing the first phase of China's 0.5-meter high-resolution commercial remote sensing satellite constellation. This marked the 261st launch in the Long March series and demonstrated China's growing capabilities in space technology.
Following the launch, the four-satellite constellation began operating alongside the earlier Gaojing 01 and 02 satellites, forming a robust network that can revisit any location on Earth daily. The constellation offers rapid image acquisition and transmission, capable of capturing 10 minutes of imagery per track and delivering up to 10,000 square kilometers of data per day. This provides users worldwide with reliable, all-weather Earth observation services.
Compared to the earlier Gaojing No. 1 01 and 02 satellites, the 03 and 04 models feature improved image quality and enhanced geometric accuracy. Together, they form what is considered the most advanced civilian remote sensing constellation in China.
Gaojing No. 1 has already made significant contributions across various sectors, including surveying, land resource management, urban planning, agriculture, forestry, water resources, geology, environmental monitoring, and disaster response. It has supported national projects such as the National Basic Geographic Information Center's aerospace imaging initiative and the 2017 national land use change monitoring project.
Internationally, Gaojing No. 1 has expanded its reach. In April 2017, China signed a contract with a Norwegian company to establish an Arctic station, enhancing global data reception and expanding the constellation’s coverage. To date, Gaojing No. 1 has partnered with over 20 foreign sales agents across 17 countries on five continents.
Looking ahead, the Gaojing commercial remote sensing satellite system holds great potential for integration with emerging technologies like the Internet, smart cities, and financial insurance. Its ability to combine remote sensing with mobile internet, navigation, and virtual reality will drive broader applications in government, industry, and everyday life. With continued development, Gaojing No. 1 and its constellation are set to play a vital role in China's space and technology landscape.
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Twisted-pair, cable to optical fiber, waveguide and other transmission media are conductive media, and electromagnetic wave in free space in the long distance propagation is non-conductive media transmission; Attenuation is therefore a complex function of distance and is influenced by the atmosphere around the Earth. The main factors affecting propagation attenuation are: propagation frequency band F, propagation distance L and electromagnetic wave rate C(close to the speed of light). Free space propagation loss of microwave segment signals such as satellites is about 36000 km from the ground. The beam diverges with distance. High-power klystrons can transmit signals up to kilowatts, while satellite transponders can only be powered by solar energy. The satellite's limited surface area makes it difficult to transmit hundreds of watts of downlink power. As a result, the ground station's received signal power is only microwatt level and includes a compensation effect of tens of decibels of the gain of the receiving and transmitting antennas.
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