**A11 Processor Internal Map**
The Apple A11 Bionic Chip is a highly advanced processor that integrates multiple processing cores and specialized controllers designed for specific tasks. While we don’t know everything about this chip, the release of the new iPhone has given us a deeper look into its GPU, neural engine, 6-core CPU, NVMe SSD controller, and a new custom video encoder. Understanding these components helps us appreciate the power and efficiency behind the A11.
**New 3-Core GPU**
This marks the first time Apple has developed its own custom GPUs for the A-series chips. Compared to the Imagination Technologies' GPU, which leads in smartphone graphics architecture, Apple's new GPU offers a 30% speed improvement. It's not only faster but also more energy-efficient, consuming half the power of the A10 Fusion at the same workload.
Originally, GPUs were designed to accelerate graphics, but they have since evolved to handle other repetitive mathematical operations, making them "General Purpose GPUs" (GPGPU). Apple initially used OpenCL for GPGPU computing but later integrated it into the Metal API, optimized for iOS and Mac devices. At WWDC 2017, Apple released Metal 2, further enhancing performance and capabilities.
With its own GPU design, Apple is expected to push the boundaries of GPU and GPGPU development even further. Additionally, the GPU plays a key role in machine learning, where it can process large datasets and recognize patterns efficiently—such as identifying objects in photos or videos.
Apple hasn’t provided detailed specs on the GPU’s design, but it's clear that each GPU architecture is tailored for specific tasks, making direct comparisons with GPUs from Intel, NVIDIA, AMD, Qualcomm, or ARM Mali difficult.
**TBDR (Tile-Based Deferred Rendering)**
Apple’s A11 GPU uses TBDR technology, which is optimized for mobile devices with limited resources. Unlike traditional Immediate Mode Rendering (IMR) used in desktop GPUs, TBDR only renders what the user can see, reducing unnecessary computations and saving power and bandwidth.
This approach allows asynchronous execution of vertex and fragment processing, making better use of the GPU’s hardware. Apple claims that this method improves performance and reduces latency, making it ideal for mobile applications.
TBDR is closely associated with Imagination Technologies’ PowerVR GPUs, which were once dominant in mobile graphics. However, recent developments suggest that Apple may have moved away from using unlicensed PowerVR technology, though the relationship between the two companies remains complex.
**Quad-Core ISP Neural Engine**
In addition to the GPU, the A11 includes a new neural engine within the Image Signal Processor (ISP). This engine is optimized for matrix multiplication and floating-point operations, making it ideal for tasks like image analysis, object recognition, and real-time video processing.
The neural engine can perform up to 600 billion operations per second, enabling features like real-time photo enhancements, object tracking, and improved camera performance. The term "Bionic" reflects how this chip enhances human-like abilities in devices, allowing for more advanced AI and machine learning capabilities.
**6 New CPU Cores and Second-Generation Performance Controller**
The A11’s CPU is based on the ARM architecture, featuring six cores: two high-performance cores and four efficiency cores. This design allows for better balance between performance and power consumption, ensuring that the device can handle demanding tasks without draining the battery quickly.
Apple’s second-generation performance controller dynamically allocates tasks across the cores, optimizing performance based on the workload. This asymmetrical multitasking design enables the A11 to scale its performance depending on the task, improving both speed and efficiency.
Compared to the A10, the A11’s single-core performance is 25% faster, while the efficiency cores are 70% more efficient. These improvements make the A11 one of the most powerful mobile processors available.
**SSD and Secure Storage**
The A11 also includes a custom NVMe SSD controller with built-in ECC algorithms, ensuring faster data access and greater reliability. Apple emphasizes that storage performance should match the device’s overall quality, protecting user data from corruption and improving long-term stability.
This technology was first introduced in the 2015 MacBook and later brought to iOS devices with the A9 chip. The A11 uses a third-generation storage controller, although details remain limited.
**New Apple Video Encoder**
The A11 features a custom HEVC (H.265) video encoder, allowing for more efficient video compression. With HEVC, 4K videos take up significantly less space than H.264, making it ideal for high-resolution content. Apple’s new video encoder also supports higher frame rates, such as 60fps, for smoother playback.
iOS 11 includes an “Efficient Video Capture†feature that automatically saves videos in HEVC format, reducing file size without compromising quality. This innovation not only saves storage space but also extends the life of the SSD by reducing write cycles.
**Disassembling the A11 Processor**
TechInsights recently disassembled the iPhone 8 Plus and analyzed the A11 Bionic chip. They found that the A11 is 30% smaller than the A10 Fusion due to the use of a 10nm manufacturing process. Despite its compact size, the A11 maintains a complex internal structure with 6 cores, a dedicated GPU, and a powerful neural engine.
The A11’s layout shows a mix of high-performance and efficiency cores, along with a significant portion of the chip dedicated to image processing and neural computing. Additional components on the motherboard include memory chips, wireless charging modules, and a baseband chip from Intel, signaling Apple’s shift away from Qualcomm.
Overall, the A11 Bionic chip represents a major leap in mobile computing, combining cutting-edge hardware with advanced software optimization to deliver unmatched performance and efficiency.
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