An audio processor, also known as a digital signal processor (DSP), is a device that manipulates digital audio signals to enhance or modify their characteristics. These processors typically consist of two main sections: the input section and the output section. Each section contains various functions designed to shape and control the audio signal effectively.
Key Features of the Input Section
The input gain controls the level of the incoming signal, usually adjustable within a range of around 12 dB. This helps in matching the signal strength to the processor's requirements. The input equalization (EQ) allows for fine-tuning of the frequency response, often featuring 4–8 parametric EQ bands. Each band can be adjusted for frequency, bandwidth (Q), and gain, giving precise control over the sound. Input delay is used to synchronize signals, especially when working with multiple speakers or in live sound applications. Input polarity conversion enables the reversal of the signal’s phase, which is useful for aligning audio sources without physically changing cables.
Functions of the Output Section
Signal routing (ROUT) determines which input source feeds into a particular output channel. It can select between input A, input B, or a mix of both, allowing for flexible signal management. High-pass filters (HPF) remove low-frequency content below a set threshold, similar to adjusting the crossover point on a speaker. They are typically defined by three parameters: frequency, filter type (such as LR, Bessel, or Butterworth), and slope (6, 12, 18, 24, or 48 dB/octave). A steeper slope results in a cleaner cutoff. Low-pass filters (LPF) do the opposite, cutting frequencies above a specified limit. Together, HPF and LPF create a bandpass filter, commonly used in multi-way speaker systems.
Output equalization works similarly to input EQ but is generally limited to parametric adjustments without the option for graphic EQ. Output polarity settings allow for phase inversion, and some models even offer phase angle adjustment, which can be crucial in complex system setups. A true limiter is another essential feature, controlling the maximum output level to prevent distortion. It includes parameters like the threshold (start level), attack time, and release time, which are adjusted based on the amplifier and speaker characteristics to ensure optimal performance and protection.
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