(1) Construction of suspended ceiling
Suspended ceilings generally consist of three parts: a boom, a skeleton, and a surface layer.
1. Suspender
(1) The role of the boom: to withstand the load of the ceiling layer and the dragon skeleton, and transfer the tea load to the load-bearing structure of the roof.
(2) Material of the boom: Most of the steel bars are used.
2. skeleton
The role of the skeleton: to withstand the load on the ceiling layer and pass the load through the boom to the roof load-bearing structure.
The material of the skeleton: there are wooden dragon skeleton, light steel dragon skeleton, aluminum alloy dragon skeleton and so on.
The structure of the skeleton: mainly includes the main keel, the secondary keel and the joist, the secondary joist, and the small shelf. Light steel keel and aluminum alloy keel are in T-shaped, U-shaped, LT-shaped and various shaped keels.
3. Surface layer
The role of the surface layer: decorative interior space, as well as sound absorption, reflection and other functions.
The material of the surface layer: gypsum board, fiberboard, plywood, calcium plastic board, mineral wool sound absorption, aluminum alloy and other metal plates, PVC plastic plates, etc.
The form of the surface layer: strip type, rectangular type, and the like.
(2) Construction process of suspended ceiling
(1) Light steel keel, aluminum alloy keel ceiling:
Elastic line → install the boom → install the dragon skeleton → install the panel.
(2) PVC plastic panel ceiling:
Elastic line → install the main beam → install the wooden dragon skeleton → install the plastic plate.
(III) Construction points
First, the elevation line should be popped on the wall, and the pressure line should be fixed at both ends of the wall. The cement nails and the wall surface are fixed firmly. According to the design elevation, the line around the wall is used as the standard line for ceiling installation, and the horizontal tolerance is ±5 mm.
When the algae well is suspended, the bead should be fixed from below, and the yin and yang angles should be connected by a bead. Be careful to reserve the exit of the lighting line. When the ceiling area is large, the keel should be laid in the middle.
The spacing of the lifting points should be re-examined, generally not 1200~1500mm for the ceiling, and 900~1200mm for the ceiling.
The installed keel and panel panels should be inspected before panel installation, and then installed after meeting the requirements.
Construction process of grille ceiling
1. The role of wooden grille ceiling
The wooden grille ceiling is a frequently used method for home decoration corridors, entrances, restaurants and spaces with large roof beams.
2. Construction process of wooden grille ceiling
Accurate measurement → keel finishing → surface planing → open half-slot lap joint → flame retardant coating → clear oil coating → install frosted glass
3. Construction points
The production of the wooden grille skeleton should be accurate in measuring the size of the ceiling.
The keel shall be finished, the surface shall be planed, and the joint shall be open. The intersection of the horizontal and vertical keels shall be overlapped by a half-slot and shall be treated with a flame retardant.
Construction process of algae ceiling
1. The role of the algae ceiling
In the home decoration, the wooden keel is generally used as the skeleton, and the gypsum board or wood is used as the panel, the paint or the wallpaper is used as the veneer ceiling of the finishing finish. This kind of ceiling can overcome the contradiction between low room and top decoration, facilitate on-site construction, improve the decoration grade, reduce the project cost, and achieve the purpose of top decoration, so it is widely used.
2. Construction points
(1) Wood keel installation requirements
1Material: The wood is required to ensure that there are no quality defects such as splitting, corrosion, insect frog and dead knot; the specification is 30~40 mm in section length, 40~50 mm in width and moisture content below 10%.
2 Design: The algae type ceiling is adopted. If the height difference is more than 300 mm, step layer classification should be adopted. The keel structure must be strong and the distance between the large keels should not be greater than 500 mm. The keel must be fixed firmly, and the keel skeleton must have fixed parts on the top and wall.
3 Construction: The elevation level deviation of the ceiling shall not exceed 5 mm. The bottom surface of the wooden keel shall be planed and smoothed, the section thickness shall be the same, and the flame retardant treatment shall be carried out.
(2) Wood keel installation specification:
First, the elevation line, the shape position line, the hanging point layout line, and the fixture installation position line should be popped up.
There are two ways to fix the top of the dragon skeleton: one is to fix the angle iron or flat iron directly to the top with a nail with a diameter of more than 5 mm. The other is to open the eye at the top, use the expansion bolt to fix the iron or the wooden side to make the hanging point. All should ensure that the lifting point is firm and safe.
After the installation of the dragon skeleton is completed, quality inspection and acceptance should be carried out before the installation of the veneer can be carried out.
(3) Installation of veneer
There are two main types of ceiling veneers: gypsum board and wood board. Both require flat surface, no bumps, no breaks, and neat corners.
The installation method of the veneer mainly includes the round nail fixing method and the wood screw fixing method. The round nail fixing method is mainly used for the installation of the wood veneer, and the construction speed is fast; the screw fixing method is mainly used for the gypsum board veneer to improve Plate nailing ability.
The decorative panel should be completely matched with the wall surface. There should be gaps in the decorative corners, and the joints between the veneers should be tight.
When hanging the ceiling, the position of the lamp socket should be reserved when the panel is decorated. After the veneer is installed, the finishing work of the veneer is also required. The commonly used materials are latex paint and wallpaper, and the construction method is the same as the wall surface construction.
Circuit construction process
Circuit transformation construction
1. Circuit transformation process
Determine the position of the line terminal socket → the wall is marked with the exact position and size → the nearest similar socket lead
2. Construction points of circuit transformation
If the socket is in the upper part of the wall, slot the wall vertically upwards, and install the decorative line into the top of the wall;
If it is in the lower part of the wall, slot it vertically downwards until the bottom of the skirting board is installed.
The slotting depth should be the same, the slot line and the top should be straight. After the control line is ejected on the wall, the wall surface is cut by a marble machine and the slot is manually opened.
When installing the line, the retaining wire bushing must be added. The bushing connection should be tight and smooth. The corner of the corner should be cut at the corner of the right angle. After cutting the arc-shaped interface on one side of the cut, bend and install.
After the wire is installed in the casing, the wire should be used to fix the clamp, first fixed in the wall and behind the wall, and then plastered or concealed with the skirting board and the decorative corner line.
Install the lamp correctly
The installation essentials for the luminaire are:
The most basic requirement for the installation of the luminaire is that it must be strong.
When indoor lighting such as wall lamp, bedside lamp, table lamp, floor lamp, mirror headlight, etc., the height of the lamp is less than 24m and below, the metal casing of the lamp should be grounded reliably to ensure safe use.
When the bathroom and kitchen are equipped with low-footed lamp holders, it is advisable to use a porcelain screw-shaped low-foot lamp holder. The wiring and phase line (switching wire) of the screw cap should be connected to the center contact terminal, and the neutral wire should be connected to the screw terminal.
For lamp heads with switches, such as desk lamps, for the sake of safety, the opening handle should not have exposed metal parts.
When installing various types of lamps for decorative ceilings, they should be installed in accordance with the installation instructions of the lamps. When the weight of the luminaire is more than 3kg, the pre-embedded hook or the anchor bolt should be directly fixed from the roof to install the pylon (you cannot install the luminaire with the sling sling keel bracket). The wire from the lamp box is protected by a hose to the lamp position to prevent the wire from being exposed in the flat top.
The dark lines inside the ceiling or siding must be protected by a flame-retardant casing.
Sanitary ware installation process flow decoration of the bathroom:
One is the wall tile. The second is sanitary ware.
(1) Construction process
Inlay wall tiles → ceilings → laying floor tiles → installing toilets, washbasins, bath tubs → installing connections to drain pipes → installing lamps, sockets, mirrors → installing towel bars and other hardware accessories.
1. Toilet process
Check the ground drain pipe → align the nozzle → level the alignment → draw the mark → punch the hole → apply the putty → set the rubber pad → screw the nut, → mark the two holes on the back of the tank, → punch → Insert the bolt → æ» â†’ → Back to the tank to find the right direction → Screw on the nut → Install the back water tank elbow → Install the splayed door → Turn the maiden fork to the right → Insert the drift door and the splayed door → tighten the nut.
2. The process of the washbasin
Insert the expansion bolts → æ» â†’ → the tube rack is hung up → put the washbasin on the rack to find the level → water connection: washbasin → straighten → water connection.
3. Bathtub process
Bathtub installation: →Sewage installation→Finished ash tight→Sewage installation→Trial alignment
4. Shower process
Cold and hot water nozzles are flattened with test tubes → measure the size of the short section → install on the nozzle → wash the copper inlet of the shower with lead oil, wrap → nut tighten → fix on the wall → upper copper tube is installed in the three-port → The wood screws are fixed to the wall.
5. The process of the bidet
The door cover and nut of the mixing switch and the hot and cold water door are leveled, → the water gate is installed → the nozzle core door is installed → the hot and cold water door outlet nut is tightened → the nut of the mixing switch is tightened → three water door covers are installed → the magnetic basin is installed Good → When installing the nozzle → Install the water outlet → When installing the portable lever → Adjust the positioning.
(2) Construction essentials
1. Washing basin installation and construction essentials:
(1) The washing basin product should be flat and non-destructive. The drain plug should have an overflow hole of not less than 8 mm in diameter.
(2) When the drain plug and the sink are connected, the overflow plug of the drain plug should be aligned with the overflow hole of the sink to ensure the smooth flow of the overflow. After the insert, the upper end of the drain plug should be lower than the bottom of the wash basin.
(3) The bracket fixing bolts can be galvanized bolts or galvanized metal expansion bolts of not less than 6mm (if the wall is porous brick, expansion bolts are strictly prohibited).
(4) After the washing basin is connected with the drain pipe, it should be firm and compact, and easy to disassemble. The joint should not be open. Silicone paste caulking is applied to the wash basin and wall contact.
(5) If the wash basin drain trap and faucet are plating products, the plating shall not be damaged during installation.
2. Bathtub installation essentials:
(1) When installing the skirting tub, the bottom of the skirt should be close to the ground. The floor should be reserved for 250~300mm holes in the drainage area to facilitate drainage installation. The inspection hole is installed in the wall of the bathtub drainage end.
(2) Other types of bathtubs can determine the height of the upper surface of the bathtub according to relevant standards or user requirements. Then install the tub after laying two brick foundations. For example, if the side wall of the bathtub is built, the inspection hole should be set at the drain of the bathtub or the inspection hole should be opened on the wall of the drainage end.
(3) The height of all kinds of bathtub cold, hot water taps or mixing faucets should be higher than the plane above the bathtub 150mm. The chrome plating should not be damaged during installation. The chrome cover should be in close contact with the wall.
(4) The height of the fixed shower and hose shower can be installed according to relevant standards or according to user requirements.
(5) The upper surface of the bathtub installation must be leveled with a horizontal ruler and must not be inclined. Apply a sealing paste to the side of the upper side of the bathtub and the wall.
(6) The connection between the bathtub drain and the drain pipe should be firm and compact, and it is easy to disassemble, and the joint should not be open.
3. Toilet installation points
1) The installation angle of the water supply pipe is generally 250mm from the ground to the center of the angle valve. If the installation of the one-piece toilet should be based on the height of the water inlet of the toilet, but not less than 100mm, the center of the angle valve of the water supply pipe is generally in the sewage pipe. 150mm to the left of the center or according to the actual size of the toilet.
2) Low water tank toilet The water tank is fixed with galvanized anchor bolts or with galvanized metal expansion bolts. If the wall is porous brick, it is strictly forbidden to use expansion bolts. Soft gaskets should be used between the water tank and the nut. It is strictly forbidden to use metal hard surface.
3) With a water tank and a one-piece toilet, the back of the tank should be no more than 20mm from the wall.
4) The installation of the toilet is not less than 6mm galvanized expansion bolts, and the soft gasket is fixed between the toilet and the nut. The sewage pipe should be exposed to the ground 10mm.
5) When installing the toilet, first put the putty around the bottom drain, then align the toilet outlet with the sewage pipe and slowly press it down to fill it, then tighten the gasket nut and remove it. The putty is cleaned with a backing wire or a rag immediately after filling with a putty around the base.
6) The height of the overflow pipe in the flushing tank should be 30~40mm below the wrench hole to prevent the water from overflowing from the wrench hole when the inlet valve is damaged.
(three) matters needing attention
1. Do not damage the waterproof layer. If it has been damaged or has no waterproof layer, it must be waterproofed first and tested by water leakage for 12 hours.
2. The sanitary ware is fixed firmly and the pipe interface is tight.
3. Pay attention to the protection of the finished product to prevent bumping the sanitary ware.
Construction process of pipeline renovation project
(1) Construction process
Pre-crushing through the pipe hole → water pipe measuring material → pipe threading → pipe bracket mounting pre-embedded parts of pre-embedded parts → pre-installed → inspection → officially connected and installed.
(2) Construction must be decided
The connection of the pipeline is generally a threaded connection.
Firstly, according to the design requirements of the pipeline transformation, mark the center position of the wall through the wall, mark it on the wall with a crosshair, and drill the hole with the impact drill. The center line of the hole should match the center line of the through-wall. The hole should be straight.
Pipe threading is the key to ensure the quality of the installation, preventing the twill from appearing.
Before installing the pipe, clean the inside of the pipe to make it clean and free of debris. When installing, pay attention to the quality of the interface, and at the same time, find the position and orientation of each pipe fitting to ensure the correct position of the water equipment after installation.
After the pipeline is installed, the pipeline should be cleaned. After applying the anti-corrosion coating, apply the silver powder paste.
(3) Galvanized pipe laying installation method
(1) When the wall of the pipe is concealed, the depth and width of the groove of the wall shall not be less than 20mm of the outer diameter of the pipe. After the pipe is tested, the wall groove shall be filled with 1:3 cement mortar to fill the compact.
(2) If the pipeline is darkly laid in the floor surface layer or in the suspended ceiling, the concealed project acceptance record should be done after the test pressure is passed.
(3) The surface of a single cold water pipe of the surface-mounted pipeline should be 15-20mm from the wall surface. When the hot and cold water is parallel, the hot water is in the upper cold water; when the hot and cold water is parallel, the hot water pipe should be in the cold water pipe.
(4) When the wall mounted hot water pipe is worn through the wall, a casing shall be provided, and both ends of the casing shall be level with the wall surface.
(5) When the hot water pipe passes through the floor, a steel casing shall be provided. The upper part of the casing is 50mm higher, the lower part is flat with the bottom of the board, the casing should be larger than the two sections of the pipeline, and there are waterproof measures.
(6) The pipe joint and the water receiving position of the equipment should be correct.
(7) When installing the hot and cold water tap on the sanitary appliance, the hot water tap should be installed on the left side facing the side.
(8) The galvanized pipe shall be threaded. The thread of the pipe shall be regular. If there is broken wire or missing wire, it shall not be greater than 10% of the total number of threads. After the connection, 2~3 buckles should be exposed, and the surface of the damaged galvanized layer and the exposed part of the pipe thread should be treated with anti-corrosion treatment.
(9) The pipe diameter of the house interior water supply pipe is generally between (15 and 20). For the installation of fixed pipe clamps for water supply pipes, the position should be uniform, neat and beautiful, and not random and blind. According to the relevant regulations of Shanghai, (the position of fixed pipe clamps for water supply pipes of 20 and below should be set at corners, small water meters, faucets) Or the triangle valve and the pipe end of the 100mm.
(10) At present, most operators use impact drills when they need to punch holes in the position of the fixed pipe clamp. When using an impact drill to punch a pipe clamp, the following should be noted.
1) The best installation is to use a pipe clamp with expansion screws.
2) The size of the hole should be appropriate to the diameter of the pipe clamp, not too large or too small, and the depth is generally not less than 60mm. After the tube card opening part is buried in the hole, it should be stuffed into the tube card with cement mortar, then stuffed and beat tight with fine stones, and finally smoothed with cement mortar around.
3) It is strictly forbidden to use a wooden sample to insert the pipe clamp into the hole.
4) Do not use mixed mortar to fix the pipe clamp.
(11) After the pipeline installation is completed, the hydraulic pressure test shall be carried out before concealing, and the test method is the same as the former plastic water supply pipeline. The test layer is not less than 0.6 MPa.
(12) The water supply pipe system should be flushed with water before acceptance. There should be no dead angle when rinsing, and the faucet should be opened at each water distribution point. The lowest point of the system should be provided with a water discharge port. The cleaning time is controlled until the water quality of the drainage outlet is equivalent to the water inlet.
(4) Installation and installation of plastic water supply pipe (1) When the pipe is embedded in the wall, the depth and width of the groove shall not be less than 20 mm of the pipe diameter, and the groove shall be flat without sharp corner protrusions. After that, the wall groove is filled with 1:2 cement mortar to fill the compact.
(2) The pipeline shall be dullly placed in the surface layer of the floor or in the ceiling of the ceiling. The acceptance and recording of the concealed works shall be carried out after the test pressure is passed.
(3) When the wall of the hot-filled hot water pipe is worn through the wall, the steel casing shall be provided. The two ends of the casing shall be level with the wall; when the cold water pipe passes through the wall, the hole may be reserved, and the size of the hole is 50 mm larger than the outer diameter of the pipe.
(4) The end face of the pipe and pipe joint should be removed from the burrs and burrs, and must be clean, dry and oil-free.
(5) When installing the pipeline, the pipe clamp or hanger must be set according to different pipe diameters and requirements. The position should be correct, the burial should be smooth, and the pipe clamp should be in close contact with the pipeline, but the management surface should not be damaged.
(6) When using metal pipe clamps or hangers, plastic strips or rubber soft spacers are used between the metal pipe clamps and the pipes.
(7) The distance between the riser and the horizontal pipe hanger shall not be greater than the provisions in the table below.
Table 1 Maximum spacing of cold water pipe hangers (mm)
Nominal outer diameter De
20
25
32
40
50
63
Cross tube
650
800
950
1100
1250
1400
Riser
1000
1200
1500
1700
1800
2000
Table 2 Maximum spacing of hot water pipe hangers (mm)
Nominal outer diameter De
20
25
32
40
50
63
Cross tube
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Riser
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
1700
Kitchen equipment construction process kitchen equipment installation
(1) Construction process
Wall, ground base treatment → installation product inspection → installation of the cabinet → installation of the base cabinet → commissioning, drainage → installation of electrical appliances → test adjustment → cleaning.
(2) Construction essentials
Inspection of kitchen equipment before installation.
The installation of the cabinet should be based on different fixing methods for different walls.
The installation of the base cabinet should first adjust the horizontal knob to ensure that the countertops and front faces of each cabinet are on a horizontal surface. The two cabinets are connected with wood screws. The back plate through the pipeline, table, valve, etc. should be drilled in the backboard.
A plastic round pad shall be added at the water hole of the bottom of the washing cabinet. The connection of the lower water pipe shall be such that no water leakage or water seepage is allowed. Do not use various adhesives to connect the interface parts.
When installing the stainless steel sink, ensure that the gap between the sink and the countertop is even and does not seep.
Install the faucet and require a firm installation. The water connection should not see water seepage.
The installation of the range hood, pay attention to the size of the cabinet and the range hood, should be coordinated.
Install the cooktop without leakage. After installation, use soap to check whether the installation principle of the indoor gas pipe is installed.
Indoor gas pipelines should be based on clearing. Gas pipelines shall be laid along the wall of non-combustible materials. When encountering other pipelines, the following requirements shall be met:
(1) When laying horizontally in parallel, the clearance should not be less than 150mm;
(2) When laying vertically parallel, the clearance should not be less than 100mm and should be located outside the other pipes;
(3) When crossing, the clearance should not be less than 50mm.
The distance between gas pipelines and wires and electrical equipment shall comply with the following table.
Spacing of gas pipelines with wires and electrical equipment (mm)
Minimum spacing of wire or electrical equipment names
Gas pipeline wire (without protection tube)
100
Wire (with protective tube)
50
Fuse box, electric socket, power switch
150
Electric meter, distributor
300
Wire cross
20
In special cases, the indoor gas pipeline must pass through the bathroom, toilet, ceiling (vertically) and the living room, and the pipe should have no interface.
The indoor gas pipe should not pass under the water bucket. When it is necessary to traverse, a casing should be added. The diameter of the casing should be larger than the diameter of the gas pipe. The gas pipe and the casing should have no interface. The two ends of the pipe should extend 20 to 20 mm from the side of the water pipe.
After the gas pipeline is installed, it should be tested for tightness. The test pressure is 300mm water column, and the pressure does not drop within 3 minutes.
The burning appliances and electric meters and electrical equipment shall be set in a wrong position, and the horizontal clearance shall not be less than 500mm. When it is not possible to misplace, there should be insulation protection measures.
When the wall of the burning part is wood or other flammable materials, fire prevention measures must be taken.
The distance between the side of each type of burning appliance and the wall, water bucket, door frame, etc. and the distance between the burning appliance and the burning appliance shall not be less than 200mm. When two burning appliances or one burning appliance and water bucket are arranged at right angles, the sum of the two sides entering and leaving the wall shall not be less than 1.2m.
When the burning appliance is set by the window, the burning surface should be lower than the window and not less than 200mm.
Gas rapid water heaters should be located in a well-ventilated toilet room, in a separate room or in a well-ventilated aisle. The height of the room should be greater than 2.5m and meet the following requirements
1. Direct vented water heaters are strictly prohibited from being installed in bathrooms or toilets; flue-type (forced) and balanced water heaters can be installed in bathrooms, but the volume of bathrooms equipped with flue-type water heaters should not be less than the rated hourly consumption of water heaters. 3.5 times the amount of gas.
2. The water heater should be installed in the area where the operation, maintenance is convenient and not easy to be hit. The space width in front of the water heater should be greater than 800mm, and the distance from the side to the wall should be greater than 100mm.
3. The water heater should be installed on the wall surface of the refractory refractory. When it is installed on the non-refractory wall surface, the refractory material should be insulated on the back of the water heater. The thickness of the water heater should be no less than 10mm, and the outer shell of each water heater should be more than 100mm. . The gas supply pipe of the water heater should be connected by metal pipes (including metal hoses). The upper part of the water heater shall not have obvious wires and electrical equipment. The horizontal clearance between the other side of the water heater and the electrical equipment shall be greater than 300mm. When it is not possible, insulation measures should be taken.
4. The distance between the water heater and the wooden doors, windows and other combustibles should be greater than 200mm. When it is not possible, heat insulation and flame retardant measures should be taken.
5. The installation height of the water heater should meet the requirements of 1500mm of the fire hole from the ground.
The way of exhausting the water heater should be correctly selected according to the smoke exhaust characteristics of the water heater.
(1) Direct vented water heaters equipped with direct venting water heaters, the upper part should have a venting window with a net area of ​​not less than 10cm2/MJ, and the lower part of the door should have an air inlet of 2.5m2/MJ; Wind and air volume should not be less than 10m3/MJ.
(2) The flue-type water heater is equipped with a flue-type water heater, and the upper and lower air inlets are required to be installed in the same way as the direct exhaust type.
(3) The inlet and outlet of the balanced water heater balanced water heater should be completely exposed outside the wall. When crossing the wall, the gap between the outer wall of the inlet and exhaust ports and the wall is filled with non-combustible material.
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