Microphone and speaker knowledge
Microphones and speakers are the entrance and exit of sound in and out of electronic devices and recording equipment, respectively. Microphone is a member of the sensor (Ttansducer) family. Its main function is to convert energy from one form to another. The function of the microphone is to convert the air fluctuation and pressure generated by the sound into a fluctuation level signal suitable for use by electronic devices. In contrast, the role of the speaker (speaker box) is to change the fluctuating level signal back to air fluctuation and pressure, which is what we hear.
Microphone converts air movement energy into electrical energy
In order for the microphone not to affect the recording quality, it must adapt to a sound with a wide dynamic range. For example, when a drumstick strikes a snare drum, the volume before and at the moment of striking is very different, and the microphone must be able to cope with such a loudness contrast. Even a human voice can produce a wide range of sound levels. The microphone used to record music must be able to convert low-speaking whispers and high-pitched shouts into electrical signals with the same accuracy, and then recorded into the computer through the mixer.
Microphones can be classified into two categories: dynamic microphones and condenser microphones. The dynamic microphone has a diaphragm made of a certain fabric, which can vibrate with sound waves. The diaphragm is connected to a voice coil wound with a multi-turn wire. The voice coil moves in the magnetic field generated by the magnet inside the microphone, cutting the magnetic field lines to generate a current corresponding to the vibration of the diaphragm. This current represents the sound signal.
Dynamic microphone cross-sectional structure
Although there are many different types of dynamic microphones (the most common type of ribbon microphone is to use a thin metal belt to replace the diaphragm and coil), but because the "dynamic coil" type dynamic microphone is so common that the "dynamic coil" Almost synonymous with "dynamic". In the following sections, we refer to dynamic microphones as dynamic microphones. The dynamic microphone is simple to use, reliable in performance, and has a very wide and stable frequency response, so it is often used in live performances and recording studios.
However, not all dynamic microphones have the same excellent performance. The quality of the microphone is affected by factors such as the level and strength of the manufacturer. Condenser microphones convert sound waves into electrical signals in a different way than dynamic microphones. Condenser microphones have two plates that are close to each other but not touching. The polar plate is connected to a battery or other power source and is charged. One of the plates is designed to move with different sound pressure, while the other is fixed. When one polar plate moves back and forth relative to the other polar plate with the fluctuating sound pressure, a voltage corresponding to the change in the sound pressure is generated between the two polar plates, thereby generating electricity for input to the mixer signal.
Cross-sectional structure of condenser microphone
Some of the best performance microphones currently manufactured are condenser microphones, but they are surprisingly expensive, and some have a list price of several thousand dollars. They are not suitable for home recording studios, are they? Of course, there are some variants of condenser microphones on the market, which are more practical for home recording studios. The electret microphone is a kind of inexpensive condenser microphone. The electret microphone does not require two polar plates with external polarization voltage. The capacitors used in the electret microphone are polarized when they are manufactured by the manufacturer, and can maintain a permanent charge. Electret microphones require an amplifier / impedance converter to replace the low-voltage power supply.
Although some condenser microphones are considered to be ideal microphones, they are very delicate and not suitable for all situations. In general, condenser microphones are more sensitive than dynamic microphones, especially for high-frequency signals and transients (sounds that suddenly occur and disappear quickly). Although condenser microphones respond well to transient signals, they can also overload these signals. Therefore, condenser microphones are not commonly used to pick up drums, rock guitars, and explosive sounds.
There is also a new type of microphone called a PZM microphone (pressure zone microphone). The PZM microphone has a good reputation. It is ... a condenser microphone that uses a flat surface as an external pickup. The microphone records the sound pressure created by the sound waves on the surface of the flat plate, and the frequency response is uniform, which is very suitable for picking up musical instruments and room ambience with a wide frequency band. In a piano ensemble or a small band ensemble, a group of PZM microphones can get a better sound pickup effect.
If you use a "larger flat area, the low frequency response of PZM microphones can be enhanced to a certain extent, so they are often attached to walls, music stands, piano covers, or other flat surfaces. Although PZM microphones are many The occasions work very well, but they have not made much achievements in recording vocal singing.
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