Switchgear is a comprehensive power distribution system composed of primary and secondary equipment arranged according to a specific wiring scheme. It serves to control and protect electrical circuits and devices. Switchgear can be classified into fixed and removable types, allowing for the connection and disconnection of lines. Voltage levels include high-voltage switchgear (fixed and removable) and low-voltage switchgear (fixed and drawer). The structure typically consists of a busbar compartment, circuit breaker compartment, secondary control room (instrument room), and feeder compartment, with steel plates isolating each section.
Internal components include busbars, circuit breakers, conventional relays, integrated protection devices, metering instruments, isolation switches, indicator lights, grounding switches, and more.
From an application perspective, switchgear is divided into several types:
(1) Infeed cabinet: Also known as the incoming cabinet, it receives power from the grid (from the incoming line to the busbar) and is usually equipped with circuit breakers, CTs, PTs, and isolation switches.
(2) Outfeed cabinet: Also called the feeder cabinet or power distribution cabinet, it distributes electricity from the busbar to various outlets and is typically equipped with circuit breakers, CTs, PTs, and isolation switches.
(3) Busbar coupling cabinet: Used to connect two busbars and is often used in single or double busbar systems to allow for different operational modes or fault handling.
(4) PT cabinet: This cabinet houses voltage transformers to monitor busbar voltage and provide protective functions, including PTs, isolation switches, fuses, and surge arresters.
(5) Isolation cabinet: Designed to isolate busbars or power equipment from the supply, providing a visible point for maintenance. These cabinets cannot interrupt load current, so they are interlocked with circuit breakers to prevent misoperation.
(6) Capacitor cabinet: Used to improve power factor by compensating reactive power, featuring capacitor banks, switching controls, and protective devices. After disconnection, capacitors require time to discharge, and re-closing should be avoided to prevent overvoltage damage.
(7) Metering cabinet: Used for measuring electric energy, equipped with isolation switches, fuses, CTs, PTs, active and reactive energy meters, and other auxiliary equipment.
(8) GIS cabinet: A compact, sealed unit containing circuit breakers, disconnectors, grounding switches, CTs, PTs, and insulating gas (typically SF6) for insulation and arc quenching, suitable for high-voltage applications.
(9) Circuit breaker:
Under normal conditions, the circuit breaker remains closed, allowing current to flow. When a control signal is received, it can open or close the circuit. It can handle both normal loads and short-circuit currents, making it essential for circuit protection and control.
To manage arcing during operation, circuit breakers use various arc-quenching media such as oil, SF6, vacuum, or air. These mechanisms help protect contacts and ensure reliable operation.
(10) Isolation switch:
Isolation switches are designed to create a visible break in the circuit for safe maintenance. They cannot interrupt fault currents or load currents and are not intended for frequent operation.
(11) Fuse:
Fuses are simple protective devices that melt when the current exceeds a certain threshold, cutting off the circuit. They are commonly used in conjunction with other electrical components and must be replaced after activation.
(12) Load switch:
Load switches have basic arc-quenching capabilities and can handle certain currents but not short-circuit currents. They are often used with fuses for overload protection.
(13) Transformer:
Transformers convert voltage levels using electromagnetic induction, maintaining frequency while changing voltage. They come in various types, including power transformers, rectifier transformers, and voltage regulators.
(14) Active and reactive loads:
Active loads consume real power, like lighting and heating, while reactive loads involve inductive elements such as motors and transformers, requiring reactive power for operation.
(15) PT/CT:
Current and voltage transformers isolate the primary circuit from control equipment, enabling accurate measurements and protection. CTs step down current, while PTs reduce voltage for monitoring purposes.
(16) Handcart/drawer:
Handcarts and drawers are used in high- and low-voltage switchgear, respectively, allowing for easy maintenance and testing. They typically have three positions: working, testing, and out for maintenance.
(17) Grounding switch:
Grounding switches are used to safely ground circuits during maintenance and can also trigger short-circuit faults to activate protective devices quickly.
(18) Main electrical appliances:
Main electrical appliances, such as switches, buttons, and signal lights, control and transmit signals within electrical systems, playing a key role in system operations.
(19) Contactor:
Contactors are used to frequently switch on and off AC/DC main circuits and control circuits at long distances. They are ideal for controlling motors, lighting, and capacitor banks, with high operating frequencies and breaking capacity.
(20) Relay:
Relays control other electrical devices or act as protection and signal conversion in the main circuit. They are used for long-distance control of small-capacity circuits, such as current, voltage, time, intermediate, and thermal relays.
(21) Testing:
Common tests include type tests, routine tests, medium tests, sampling tests, life tests, tolerance tests, and commissioning tests, ensuring product reliability and performance under various conditions.
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