1. Introduction
With the rapid advancement of information technology, the scope of network applications has continuously expanded, and people's reliance on the internet has grown significantly. The network has become an essential part of modern life. Just as high-tech innovations are often first applied in military fields, the internet was initially developed for military use before gradually being introduced into civilian sectors. From simple news reading to interactive websites, the internet has made social interactions more convenient, and now it even enables communication between people and objects, as well as between objects themselves. The internet has brought about revolutionary changes in human life and has had a profound impact on society. Today, we are approaching the era of the Internet of Things, and the future development of networks is drawing increasing attention.
2. Overview of the Internet of Things
Since its inception, the internet has experienced rapid growth. People have gone through the Web 1.0 era, are currently in the Web 2.0 era, and are soon expected to enter the Web 3.0 era. In the Web 1.0 phase, information was broadcasted passively, and users could only receive content without contributing. Websites like Sina, Sohu, and NetEase were typical examples of this period. With the rise of Web 2.0, information began to be shared in a peer-to-peer (P2P) manner, allowing users to actively participate in content creation. Users became both creators and consumers of information, making the web user-centric. Social platforms such as Facebook, LinkedIn, and Renren exemplify this shift.
Web 2.0 features five main applications: blogs, RSS feeds, wikis, social networking services (SNS), and tags. While user engagement improved compared to Web 1.0, the "1% rule" still applies—only 1% of users create content, 10% interact, and 89% just observe. However, with the arrival of Web 3.0, user participation is expected to increase dramatically. Google CEO Eric Schmidt described key characteristics of Web 3.0 as small applications, cloud-based data, cross-device compatibility, speed, and customization. Additionally, artificial intelligence, open technologies, and distributed databases will play a significant role. The Web 3.0 era aims to realize the vision of "everywhere is connected," where all objects are linked to the network, enabling real-time management by individuals. This concept was first introduced in 1999, but now the Internet of Things is finally becoming a reality.
The Internet of Things builds upon the internet, utilizing intelligent embedded systems, wireless communication, RFID, remote sensing, and nanotechnology to create smart networks. It moves beyond human-to-human communication to enable interaction between people and objects, as well as between objects themselves. By embedding chips into appliances, transportation systems, and more, these items can be automatically sensed, recognized, and remotely controlled, transforming the entire world into an intelligent environment. The idea of connecting everything to the internet has been around for over two decades, but today, due to technological advancements, it is becoming a tangible reality.
3. The Principle of the Internet of Things
The Internet of Things consists of various components, including EPC (Electronic Product Code) tags, interpreters, distributed software systems, the internet, ONS (Object Naming Service) servers, PML (Physical Markup Language) servers, and numerous databases. Through collaboration, these elements enable perception, transmission, and management between objects, which is why the Internet of Things is also referred to as a sensor network.
3.1 Basic Concepts
EPC, or Electronic Product Code, is a unique, searchable identifier assigned to each physical object. An EPC code typically includes a header, manufacturer identification code, object class, and serial number. The header defines the version of the EPC, allowing for different lengths and types in the future. The manufacturer code identifies the associated company, while the object class and serial number provide specific details about the product. An example of EPC encoding is shown in Figure 1.
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