1. Introduction
With the rapid advancement of information technology, the scope of the internet has expanded significantly, and people's reliance on it continues to grow. The internet has become an essential part of modern life, shaping how we communicate, work, and even think. Just as high-tech innovations often first emerge in military applications, the internet was initially developed for military use before being widely adopted in civilian sectors. Over time, it has evolved from a tool for reading news to enabling user interaction with websites, making social connections more convenient. Today, it is even capable of facilitating communication between people and objects, and even between objects themselves. The internet has revolutionized human life and will continue to shape the future. As we move into the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), the development of next-generation networks is becoming increasingly important.
2. Overview of the Internet of Things
Since its inception, the internet has grown at an astonishing pace. We have gone through the Web 1.0 era, where information was broadcasted one-way, and users were passive consumers. Websites like Sina, Sohu, and NetEase were dominant during this period. Then came the Web 2.0 era, characterized by peer-to-peer interaction and user-generated content. Platforms such as Facebook, LinkedIn, and Renren allowed users to not only consume but also create and share information. This shift made the web more interactive and user-centric.
Web 2.0 introduced key features like blogs, RSS feeds, wikis, social networking services, and tags. However, despite increased engagement, only a small percentage of users actively contributed content—often referred to as the "1% rule." In contrast, the upcoming Web 3.0 era promises greater personalization, mobility, and intelligence. Google CEO Eric Schmidt described Web 3.0 as a world where applications are lightweight, data is stored in the cloud, and everything runs seamlessly across devices. It also incorporates artificial intelligence, open technologies, and decentralized systems. The vision of "everything connected" is becoming a reality, leading us into the age of the Internet of Things.
The concept of the Internet of Things is not new; it was first discussed in 1999. However, with advances in embedded systems, wireless communication, RFID, and micro-nano technologies, IoT is now becoming a tangible reality. By embedding sensors into everyday objects like appliances and transportation systems, these items can be remotely monitored and controlled, turning the entire world into an intelligent network. IBM’s “15-year cycle law†suggests that computing models evolve every 15 years, and after mainframes, PCs, and the internet, the next transformation is likely to be the Internet of Things. With initiatives like the U.S. “information superhighway†and the current “smart planet†strategy, the IoT era is fast approaching.
3. The Principle of the Internet of Things
The Internet of Things is built on a combination of technologies, including EPC (Electronic Product Code) tags, interpreters, distributed software systems, the internet, ONS (Object Naming Service) servers, PML (Physical Markup Language) servers, and large databases. These components work together to enable smart interactions between objects. Through sensing, transmission, and management, the IoT functions as a vast sensor network.
3.1 Basic Concepts
EPC, or Electronic Product Code, is a unique identification code assigned to physical objects. It consists of a header and three data segments: the manufacturer ID, object class, and serial number. The header defines the version and format of the EPC, allowing for different lengths and types. The manufacturer ID identifies the company associated with the product. An example of EPC encoding is illustrated in Figure 1, showing how each item can be uniquely identified and tracked within the IoT ecosystem.
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