Optical sensors and instruments operate based on optical principles, offering numerous advantages such as non-contact and non-destructive measurement, minimal interference, high-speed data transmission, and capabilities like telemetry and remote control. These systems include a wide range of tools, from standard optical measuring devices to laser interferometers, gratings, encoders, and fiber optic sensors. They are widely used in industrial, automotive, electronics, and retail automation for detecting objects or monitoring motion.
In recent years, electrical sensors have become the standard for measuring physical and mechanical phenomena. However, as electrified devices, they come with inherent limitations—such as signal loss during transmission and susceptibility to electromagnetic interference. These drawbacks can make them unsuitable for certain specialized applications. Fiber optic sensors offer an ideal alternative by using light beams instead of electrical currents and optical fibers instead of copper wires, providing a more reliable and safer solution in challenging environments.
Over the past two decades, advancements in optoelectronics and the rapid innovation in fiber optic communications have significantly lowered the cost and improved the performance of optical devices. As a result, fiber optic sensors and related instruments have transitioned from laboratory settings to real-world field applications, including structural health monitoring in buildings and infrastructure.
Optical sensors primarily include types such as lasers, infrared, illuminance, visible light, and image sensors. They leverage the unique properties of light to develop fast and accurate sensing technologies. The development of lasers, for instance, has revolutionized both radio and optical technologies, enabling new applications that were previously impossible. Today, many sensors use lasers, making them suitable for hazardous environments like oil and gas storage facilities. Laser-based fiber optic sensors can measure parameters such as crude oil injection and cracking in large storage tanks. Importantly, these sensors do not require power at the measurement site, making them ideal for areas with strict safety and explosion-proof requirements. They are also useful in large steel plants for optical telemetry.
The working principle involves an LED illuminating the sampling surface, with a high-contrast image focused onto a CMOS sensor via a lens. The CMOS converts the optical image into an electrical matrix signal, which is then sent to a DSP (Digital Signal Processor). The DSP compares the current image with one captured in the previous sampling period, calculates the displacement, and sends the result to an interface circuit. This circuit aggregates the displacement signals, which are further processed by the driver software and ultimately translate into cursor movement within the system.
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