Optical sensors and instruments operate based on optical principles, offering numerous advantages such as non-contact and non-destructive measurement, minimal interference, high-speed data transmission, and capabilities like telemetry and remote control. These systems include general optical metrology tools, laser interferometers, gratings, encoders, and fiber optic devices. They are widely used for detecting the presence of objects or monitoring motion in various industries, including manufacturing, automotive, electronics, and retail automation.
In recent decades, electrical sensors have become standard tools for measuring physical and mechanical phenomena. Despite their widespread use, they come with inherent limitations, such as signal loss during transmission and susceptibility to electromagnetic interference. These issues can make them unsuitable or even dangerous in certain specialized environments. Fiber optic sensors provide an effective alternative by using light beams instead of electric currents and optical fibers instead of copper cables, making them ideal for applications where electrical signals might pose risks.
Over the past two decades, advancements in optoelectronics and innovations in the fiber optics communications industry have significantly reduced the cost and improved the quality of optical components. As a result, fiber optic sensors and related instruments have transitioned from laboratory settings to real-world field applications, such as structural health monitoring in buildings and infrastructure.
Optical sensors primarily include lasers, infrared, illuminance, visible light, and image sensors. They leverage the unique properties of light to develop fast and accurate sensing technologies. The development of lasers has revolutionized both radio and optical technologies, enabling new applications. Today, many sensors are built using laser technology, solving previously unsolvable problems and making them suitable for hazardous environments like oil, gas, and coal storage facilities. There are also fiber optic sensors that use lasers to measure parameters such as crude oil injection and cracking in large storage tanks. These sensors do not require power at the measurement site, making them especially appropriate for petrochemical equipment where strict explosion-proof standards are in place. They are also useful in large steel plants for optical telemetry.
The working principle involves an LED illuminating the sampling surface, with a high-contrast image focused onto a CMOS sensor via a lens. The CMOS converts the optical image into an electrical matrix signal, which is then sent to a DSP (Digital Signal Processor). The DSP compares the current image with the one captured in the previous sampling period, calculates the displacement, and sends the resulting signal to the interface circuit. This circuit integrates the displacement data, which is then processed by a driver and finally displayed as cursor movement within the system.
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