In 2012, when vivo introduced the independent DAC in the X1 model, the rise of Hi-Fi smartphones began. Several successive models from vivo continued to use dedicated Hi-Fi chips. However, as these chips became more common, consumers started to get confused by the various terms: DAC, ADC, DSP, op amp, amp, and codec. Additionally, the combinations of Hi-Fi chips have become increasingly unique. Different manufacturers may offer chips with similar functions, while the same function might be implemented differently across brands. What exactly differentiates these chips? Today, we’ll break down six key terms: DAC, ADC, DSP, codec, op amp, and amp.
ADC and DAC are fundamental components in audio processing. ADC stands for Analog-to-Digital Converter, such as the TLV320ADC, used primarily for recording audio signals. On the other hand, DAC, or Digital-to-Analog Converter, like the ES9028, is responsible for decoding digital audio into analog signals for playback. The digital signal processing between these two steps is handled by the DSP (Digital Signal Processor). The process begins with an analog signal being input into the ADC, which converts it into a digital format. This digital data is then processed by the DSP and finally sent to the DAC, where it is converted back into an analog signal for output.
Op amps and amps are often misunderstood. An "amp" is not a chip itself but a product that may contain multiple op-amp chips, such as the OPA1612 or OPA2604. Some op-amps are designed specifically for external amplifiers, like the TFA9890 from NFA, while others are optimized for headphone use, such as the MAX97220 from Maxim. The OPA1612 and OPA2604, however, can work with both headphones and external speakers.
The distinction between codec and independent DAC is another point of confusion. While many assume that codecs are integrated within the SoC (System on Chip), some high-end devices actually use separate audio codecs. For example, Samsung and Apple phones often feature independent codecs, such as the WCD9335 in the Samsung S7, which can also be considered an independent audio chip. However, even these codecs integrate multiple functions, including ADC, DAC, and amplification, making them more comprehensive than standalone DACs. Although this integration may lead to slightly lower performance compared to dedicated DACs, it offers better efficiency and space-saving benefits.
In recent years, there has been a shift toward highly integrated solutions, such as the SABRE9018Q2C and ES9118, which combine the advantages of both codec and DAC. These chips help save internal space in smartphones while still delivering strong Hi-Fi performance. The trend suggests that future Hi-Fi phones may rely more on these integrated solutions rather than purely independent components.
Looking at the mainstream Hi-Fi chips, there are several notable examples. Independent DACs include the ES9018K2M, used in models like the Xiaomi Note and Meizu MX4 Pro, and the CS4398, found in early vivo models. The ES9028 series, such as the ES9028Q2M, is also widely used. Meanwhile, DACs with integrated op-amps, like the AK4376 and ES9118, are becoming popular due to their compact design and improved performance.
Codec chips, such as the CS43L36 in the Meizu PRO 6 or the WCD9335 in the Samsung S7, are essential for audio processing. However, they generally don't match the performance of dedicated DACs or op-amp-based solutions. That said, they are efficient and space-saving, making them ideal for modern smartphones.
Despite the advancements, Hi-Fi chips still face challenges in terms of power consumption and heat generation. High-performance chips like the ES9018K2M or the ES9038PRO require more energy, leading to shorter battery life and increased heat. This trade-off is unavoidable, much like how high-resolution video recording also increases power usage and device temperature.
In conclusion, while Hi-Fi technology has come a long way, the balance between sound quality, power efficiency, and thermal management remains a challenge. As chip technology continues to evolve, we can expect even better performance without compromising user experience.
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