Human sweat contains a variety of potential health and disease-related biomarkers. Compared to traditional blood and urine tests, sweat analysis offers the advantages of being non-invasive and enabling real-time, continuous monitoring. As a result, the development of wearable sweat sensors has become a key area in the advancement of wearable health electronic devices. Miniaturized, integrated all-solid-state ion-selective electrodes and reference electrodes are essential for detecting electrolyte concentrations in sweat. However, most existing solid-state ion sensors rely on conductive polymers as ion/electron conduction layers, which suffer from poor stability, high susceptibility to interference, and limited lifespan—challenges that hinder their application in wearable sweat detection systems.
A research team led by Zhang Wei at the Suzhou Institute of Nanotechnology and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, developed a flexible, wearable ion-type humidity sensor (Advanced Science, 2017, 1600404, 1–7, Back Cover) for skin moisture monitoring. To address challenges such as the miniaturization of all-solid-state ion sensors and the stability of reference electrodes, the team utilized MEMS micro-nano processing technology to design and fabricate electrode chips with microporous arrays as templates. These were produced using a one-step electrodeposition method. The resulting three-dimensional gold nanostructure ion/electron conduction array electrodes offer a larger specific surface area and better controllability compared to those based on carbon nanotubes, graphene, or porous carbon. The all-solid-state ion-selective electrode constructed from these chips demonstrates stable potential response sensitivity (56.58 ± 1.02 mV/decade), fast response time (<10 seconds), and a wide linear range (10â»â¶ to 10â»Â¹ mol/L). It also shows reduced potential drift and minimal interference from water layers.
By optimizing the composition of the reference electrode polymer film and salt, the team integrated a polymer/potassium chloride-based all-solid-state reference electrode onto the sensor chip. This miniaturized reference electrode exhibits short balancing times across different types of ions, low interference from varying ionic strengths, insensitivity to light, and stable responses over a pH range of 3 to 10. It also demonstrates long-term stability. Additionally, the team innovatively designed a wearable "sweatband" sweat sensing device featuring a sweat collection, transport, and discharge structure. This device integrates the sensor chip with a sweat guide tape, allowing it to be comfortably worn on the forehead. It enables real-time analysis and monitoring of electrolyte ions during physical activity, helping to detect dehydration in individuals engaged in fitness exercises. This technology holds significant importance for monitoring the health status of athletes, emergency responders, and military personnel during high-intensity tasks.
The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Jiangsu Outstanding Youth Fund, and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.
**Figure 1 (A)** Electrodeposition of three-dimensional gold nanostructured solid-contact conduction array electrodes with different specific surface areas; **(B)** Schematic diagram of the construction of all-solid-state ion-selective array electrodes.
**Figure 2 (A), (B), and (C)** are photographs and schematic diagrams of the wearable "sweatband" sweat sensor device; **(D)** Calibration curves of sweat sensor chips for different concentrations of standard Na⺠solution before and after wearing; **(E)** A graph showing the continuous real-time monitoring of Na⺠concentration in sweat while the sensor is worn on the body.
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